Valley of the Shadow
The Eve of War
Fall 1859–Spring 1861

1860 Census and Summaries

Industries Using Enslaved Labor


This table shows the data on companies in the manufacturing census in Augusta cross referenced with the Augusta slaveholders census schedule. Slaveholders in Augusta predominated in low-skill industries, while artisans in Augusta rarely owned slaves.

Industry No. Man. own Slaves No. Establishments No. Slaves Employed
Distilleries 13 18 118
Flour Mills 24 43 251
Lumber 5 7 27
Sawmills 12 19 115
Foundries 4 4 48
Wagon Makers 0 2 0
Carriage Makers 1 5 1
Blacksmiths 3 16 6
Coopers 0 5 0
Saddle/Harness Makers 3 4 5

U.S. Census Office, Eighth Census [1860]. Population of the United States in 1860, Compiled from the Original Returns of the Eighth Census. Washington, D. C., 1864. U.S. Census of Population, 1860. Augusta County, Virginia and Franklin County, Pennsylvania. In U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860. Washington: National Archives and Records Administration (Augusta: Reels 1333 and 1387. Franklin: Reels 1111 and 1112).